Ignorance Is the Lock, Knowledge Is the Master Key Essay -- Law

All through adolescence to adulthood, one may regularly hear the statement â€Å"knowledge is power†. It is a statement typically penetrated into the heads of basic to school matured children so as to support their quest for training. As much as favored understudies move their eyes at the articulation of this statement, it is difficult to preclude the weight from claiming truth in this statement while looking at the historical backdrop of numerous nations. This is particularly obvious during times of severe guideline. Opportunity of press, data, and lines of correspondence are typically the primary concern to be limited when there is a crave unlimited oversight over a gathering of individuals. The shadow of obliviousness is utilized to daze the mistreated and keep/conceal them out of the loop from any potential guide. In 1989, understudy exhibits broke out in Beijing, China in Tiananmen Square. Since the 1970s, China was experiencing financial changes under Deng Xiaoping, China’s pioneer. As time went on objections were being made over expansion, low openings for work, and suspected debasement in the national party. The Communist legislatures of Eastern Europe were falling flat, causing turmoil and lost of confidence among the Chinese residents. The limit was â€Å"the passing of reformist CCP general secretary Hu Yaobang† on April fifteenth of 1989 (Online). Understudies congregated in the square to grieve Yaobang’s passing. As indicated by the Berkshire Encyclopedia of China the administration run press created what really going on and endeavored to pollute the picture of the dissidents: The gathering mouthpiece, People’s Daily, distributed an article on 26 April blaming a â€Å"handful for plotters† of making â€Å"turmoil† with the object of toppling the system. The following day, 200,000 understudies from more than forty colleges walked to the squ... ...ite the mischievous abuse of the slave. Regardless of being discontent with their circumstance, the slaves couldn't viably revolt since they needed more information and data to do as such. Information genuinely is a force that can be utilized to support you or utilized against you. It can assist you with being in charge or be controlled. Hence, opportunity of press and discourse are continually being battled for in numerous common wars. Without information, an individual is exposed to the control of an individual with more prominent information. Works Cited James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Overture and the San Domingo Revolution. second ed. Amended. New York: Vintage, 1989. Tiananmen Square. Berkshire Encyclopedia of China: Modern and Historic Views of the World's Newest and Oldest Global Power. Extraordinary Barrington: Berkshire Publishing Gathering, 2009. Philosophy Reference. Web. 10 May 2012.

Problems With Society Essays - Dispute Resolution, Crime, Ethics

Issues With Society There are numerous issues right now in the general public. A portion of these issues can be handily comprehended, or can be difficult to fathom depending how terrible it is. Numerous individuals figure these issues ought to be illuminated by the legislatures, since they are in control. Yet, we can likewise take care of these issues on the off chance that we get together. Not all the issues, however some that can be comprehended. I think the three significant issues in the general public today are: joblessness, brutality, and contamination. The main issue in the general public right presently is joblessness. Numerous individuals today are either jobless or underemployed. A portion of these individuals simply remain at home and gather their government assistance check each month, when they ought to go out and in any event attempt to find a new line of work. On the off chance that there are more individuals like this, the nation would be poor and thusly the administration would need to gather more charges. Likewise the way of life would diminish on account of their pay that is route beneath the normal salary. At the present time, there is additionally a major hole between the low-salary individuals and the high pay individuals and this is turning into an issue. Low-pay individuals are beginning to get lower compensation and higher salary individuals are beginning to get higher wages. Another issue in the general public is viciousness. Today, there are numerous viciousness in the boulevards, a few schools, and furthermore in the media. These savagery in the avenues can make the area become an awful spot to live. This will cause individuals not to go there or move in there as a result of these savagery. There are likewise numerous viciousness and groups in some school, making a portion of the school be risky to go. With these savagery and packs, understudies will most likely fear these individuals. What's more, the media can contain brutality as well. These savagery, can make kids do what ever is on TV. For instance, my younger sibling likes to watch wrestling and he now and again does wrestling proceeds onward me for reasons unknown and believing it's good times. Despite the fact that it doesn't hurt me since I'm greater than him, he may hurt somebody littler in school or something. The third issue in the general public today is contamination. Numerous things nowadays cause contamination, for example, vehicles, climate control systems, coolers, manufacturing plants, CFC jars, and so on.. Every one of these things together can cause a contamination issue in the general public today. The CFC jars used to be a significant issue to the ozone layer, yet fortunately it was removed the market. Fridges and forced air systems are additionally an issue to the zone due to the fluid called freon. These machines utilize this fluid that makes it cold, yet when these fluids are discharged from harming the machine, it discharges a gas that separates the zone layers. Moreover, vehicles likewise can cause a ton of contamination as a result of the carbon monoxide it produces. This would make the air be terrible, cause a dangerous atmospheric devation, which would make the earth have longer summers or the other way around, longer winters, and would likewise cause corrosive downpour . Taking everything into account, joblessness, savagery, and contamination would consider to be the three significant issues in the general public today. Individuals and the legislature ought to get together and attempt to tackle these issues so as to make this planet a protected and great spot to live. In the event that these issues are not unraveled, there probably won't be an Earth later on to live on.

Things Everyone Should Know-Chemical and Biological Weapons essays

Things Everyone Should Know-Chemical and Biological Weapons papers In each life time one will encounter the impact of a weapon, regardless of whether it is that of a vehicle, blade, firearm or even the abhorrences of a bomb or the conceivable danger of compound or potentially organic specialists. Regardless of what the wellspring of obliteration, it causes the destruction of some sort. Some accept that an auto crash or a firearm is progressively risky and dangerous to life, anyway that regular individual doesn't comprehend the new perils and irreversible impacts that these infections and bacterium can cause. At present the United States has been battling with the idea of Bacillus anthracis and different weapons of organic danger tainting their friends and family and our countries world status. Concoction and organic weapons created by the United States researchers have not just secured the United States against an enormous substance or potentially natural assault, however have additionally cost the United States a large number of dollars and a great many lives in the creation and the examination of compound and natural weapons. The utilization of compound and natural weapons date far back in the history books, even before composing was near. In any event 3,000 years back, synthetic substances were added to flames to make exhaust that would gag and sicken the foe. Greek discharge was a synthetic weapon, maybe imagined in A.D. 660 by a Greek architect named Callinicus (Pringle, pg 14). The Greek fire made the Arab and Russian adversaries debilitate on the port city Constantinople delivering a Greek triumph. The term natural fighting is a later improvement in the weapons of mass pulverization time. Just until the nineteenth century did researcher demonstrate that germs cause irresistible infection. (The term germs incorporates microscopic organisms, infections, and rickettsia.) In the nineteenth century, residents just realized that infection spread through a wiped out individual, a human body or a creature corpse. A simple method to harm an enemys populace was to just p... <!

Analiza Web-sites, blogs, pod cast, videos, articles, and powe points Essay

Analiza Web-locales, web journals, case cast, recordings, articles, and powe focuses - Essay Example He had short synopses of every one of his books on a different page with the goal that the peruser could inspect just each book in turn. This page was about the dreamland that Silverstein has made. In agreement to Silverstein’s site, Charlotte’s Library was exhausting. It is composed by a lady who is a classicist and she surveys dream books for youngsters. The site itself doesn't generally do much for dream aside from give somebody who is searching for dream books a thought of some that might be acceptable to peruse. The site is organized and it appeared to be progressively equipped towards grown-ups who were searching for acceptable books for their kids or youngsters. This was frustrating in a manner in light of the fact that the surveys were composed more for guardians than they were for kids. Lamentably, I would state that this site would not be one that I would send anybody to in light of the fact that it didn't generally make me need to peruse the surveys. Another site that is like Charlotte’s Library is the Annotated List of Children’s Poetry Books. This is an incredible site that has comments about the books that makes a peruser need to look at them from their nearby library and read them. This is a chance to perceive how well the creator of the site, Wendy E. Betts, preferred the books. Her comments are interesting and some of them leave you hanging for additional.

The Laws In Other Countries - Free Essay Example

Chapter 3 Comparative Analysis of the laws in other countries vis-a-vis India Legislation w.r.t Criminal Law including investigation and Punishment Provisions w.r.t Victim Compensation and Treatment Steps taken w.r.t sale and Regulation of corrosive acids Steps taken to ensure Implementation of the laws at the ground level Legislation w.r.t Criminal Law including Investigation and Punishment When it comes to Legislation Bangladesh has the most stringent laws w.r.t. acid violence. The maximum punishment of death[1] is inflicted on the accused if throwing the acid results in killing the person or if by throwing acid the sight or ear is damaged fully or partially or if it results in disfiguration/damage to the face/breast or sexual organs. Throwing of acid or even an attempt to throw acid is punishable up to a maximum of 7 years imprisonment.[2] Also a specific provision makes aiding and abetting the commission of an acid attack liable to the same extent as the commission of the acid attack itself. Cambodia on the other hand makes intentional killing by acid /criminal offence leading to the death of the victims unintentionally or cause the victims to commit suicide punishable up to 30 years.[3] Causing death unintentionally due to carelessness invites a punishment of up to 5 years and a fine of 2 million riel. Perpetrating intentional violence on others by using concen trated acid invites the maximum punishment of 5 years with a maximum fine of 10 million riels. Under the Pakistan Penal Code 1860 if hurt is caused by acid violence then it is punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than 14 years and a million fine of 1 million rupees.[4] Under Indian Law whoever causes permanent or partial damage or deformity to, or burns or maims or disfigures or disables any part or parts of the body of a person or causes grievous hurt by throwing acid on or administering acid to that person, with the intention of causing or with the knowledge that he is likely to cause such injury or hurt, shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than 10 years but which may extend to life and with fine.[5] Unlike the Bangladesh Law wherein anyone causing death is punished without the requirement to prove intention or knowledge, the Indian Law requires the prosecution to furt her prove that such burns/ disfiguration were caused with the intention/ with the knowledge of causing such burns or bodily injury. Moreover there is a time frame of 30 days for the completion of investigation. The investigating police officer must complete the investigation within 30 days following the reported attack or the Magistrateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s order for an investigation. Two extensions of 15 days each can be granted on application to the court. If after 60 days, the officer is unable to complete the investigation, a new officer must be assigned and action will be taken against the first officer. The new officer has 15 days to complete the investigation. In order to expedite the trial procedures the total time allowed for investigations is 90 days. The trial then has to be completed and a conviction secured within 90 days of the end of the investigation period. The court is very proactive in ensuring that the police investigate acid cases. Section 13 in the Act states that legal action will be taken against any officers who are negligent or corrupt in investigating the crime. Also the Bangladesh Act ensures that the acid attack victim gets proper medical examination immediately and receive a certificate regarding the examination. The Section also lays down that action will be taken against a negligent doctor.[6] Also in Bangladesh there are special Acid Tribunals for speedy disposal of cases w.r.t acid Violence. Acid-offences Prevention Tribunals have been set up solely to try acid cases, headed by district or session judges. These topic-specific Tribunals are to ensure that members on the Tribunals are properly sensitized to acid attack cases.[7] Provisions w.r.t Victim Compensation and Treatment The Acid Control Act, 2002 of Bangladesh mandates the creation of National Acid Control Council funds and district committee funds to finance awareness-raising campaigns and provides assistance to acid survivors for treatment, rehabilitation, and legal aid. Also the fine of 1 lakh taka is to be paid to the victim of such attacks. Also Chapter 3 of the Cambodian Legislation deals with Support of the Victim(s) of Concentrate Acid Attack. Article 10 enjoins the relevant authority to immediately bring the victim(s) to the closest health centers, state-own hospital or any other state-own health institutions.[8] Article 11 makes it mandatory for the state and the hospitals to treat the victims free of charge and Art 12 talks about rehabilitative measures to be taken.[9]The Pakistan 2012 Bill establishes the Acid and Burn Crime Monitoring Board and describes its role and responsibilities. The bill also provides for government funding for the Boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functioning. A new Bil l titled Criminal Law Amendment Act 2014 is pending in the National Assembly. It is proposing introduction of a new Section 166A in the Pakistan Penal Code.[10] Section 166B further penalizes non-treatment of victims of acid violence by a Private or a Government hospital to a fine of Rs.25, 000. The Indian law unlike the law in other countries doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t formulate any National Board/Council for the overseeing of victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s treatment or rehabilitation. The National Commission of Women Bill recommended it but it was never adopted.[11] However Section 326A of the IPC does provide that the fine imposed shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses of the treatment to the victim and would be paid to the victim. Also the newly Inserted Section 357B states that compensation payable by the State Government u/s 357A shall be in addition to the payment of fine to the victim u/s 326 A or Section 376D IPC. Further Section 357C[12] enjoins all hospital s, public or private, whether run by the Central Government, the State Government, local bodies or any other person to immediately provide the first-aid or medical treatment free of cost to the victims of any offence covered u/s 326A, 376, 376A-E of the IPC and shall immediately inform the police of such incident. Section 166B of the Code makes a person incharge of a hospital, public or private, whether run by the Central Government, the State Government, local bodies or any other person liable if such hospital contravens the provision of Section 357C of Crpc punishable up to imprisonment for a maximum term of 1 year or with fine. The Supreme Court has further ensured that the amount of compensation to be paid to victims of acid violence should be atleast 3 lakhs.[13] However under the Indian laws there is no authority to monitor such compliance by the hospitals. Also there is no authority/ council to oversee that the victims receive the compensation amount in time. Even after th e Supreme Court judgment many acid attack victims still havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t received the initial 1 lakh Rs. Compensation which they are supposed to get within 15 days of the attack for the essential treatment. The victims donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know whom to approach for the money and are made to run from pillar to post, from one government department to the next. Steps taken w.r.t sale and Regulation of corrosive acids The Acid Control Act (ACA) of Bangladesh creates a licensing regime that regulates the sale, storage, distribution, and use of acid. The ACA creates a National Acid Control Council (NACC) which institute policies relating to the trade of acid, enact policies to prevent its misuse etc.[14] The Acid Control Act lays down setting up of District committees which are responsible for implementing the national guidelines and enacting local measures to further regulate acid. The Deputy Commissioner chairs the District committee while its members include the districtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Superintendent of Police, the Civil Surgeon (head of the district health department), the director of the district department of women affairs, the director of the district social welfare services, the district public prosecutors, NGO representatives, and also acid users associations. Furthermore the Act punishes the unlicensed production, import, transport, storage, sale, and use of acid by a prison term of 3 to 10 years, and a fine of up to Tk. 50,000. It establishes the central government as the licensing authority for import licenses and the deputy commissioner as the licensing authority for transport, storage, seller, and user licenses. It also requires license holders to keep informational records relating to all acid use. Thus there is specific machinery in place and the 15 member National Acid Control Council is tasked with regulating sale of acid and preventing its misuse with the help of committees at the district level headed by the district commissioner who is empowered to take action if the need arises. The Cambodian Law on Regulating Concentrate Acid passed in November 2011 and came in to force December 2011. This law criminalizes acid violence provides regulations and controls for all forms of concentrate acid. The 2011 legislation deals with regulation of the Sale of Acid under Articles 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 9.[15] The Act introduces a licensing regime and also make s the Production, innovation, import, export, packaging, transportation, carry, distribute, buying, selling, storing, and using of all kind of Concentrate Acid without license or permission a punishable offence. The sub decree[16] brought out in 2013 lays down the formalities and conditions for sale, purchase, storage, transportation and use of strong acid of all types so as to prevent, curb and suppress any offence caused by strong acids. Article 6 of the Sub-Decree enjoins the seller/ distributer of strong acids to have a fixed place for selling and distributing strong acids and also to persons showing the relevant documents for the purpose. But unlike in Bangladesh there is no specific machinery to check and enforce the provisions of the 2011 legislation and the Sub-decree. In Pakistan while the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Act was passed unanimously by Parliament, the unlicensed sale of acid has not been regulated. Interior Minister Rehman Malik recently asked Pa rliament to issue strict orders for the regulation of acid sales and purchases in accordance with the new laws.[17] In India it is the Supreme Court that has been at the forefront regarding the control of sale and regulation of acid. In Laxmià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case the Supreme Court in its order dated 18th Julyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢2013 gave directions on the sale of corrosive substances over the counter and while storage and transport of corrosive substances.[18] The central government after the order brought out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Model Poisons Possession and Sale Rules, 2013à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [19] to serve as a guideline for the various State Government to follow after amending it to serve the particular Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest. After repeatedly being directed by the Supreme Court to do so, a number of state Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s complied and framed rules to regulate sale of acid and other corrosive substances in line with the Model Rules framed by the Central Gove rnment. As per the latest order of the Supreme Court dated 22nd Aprilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢2014 States of Andhra Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, have still not complied with the order dated 3.12.2013 and the Chief Secretaries of these States were directed to ensure that compliance of the order dated 3.12.2013 is positively made and affidavit of compliance is filed in this Court on or before 15.7.2014 failing which the Court would initiate contempt proceedings against the defaulting States.[20] Many states that have complied have not framed rules as stringent as those of the Central Government Model Rules. States like Bihar have a compensation package of Rs. 25,000 for the victims of acid violence, a meager amount considering that on average an acid attack victim has to go through about 20 surgeries running into tens of lakhs of Rupees. As per Section 1 5 every license holder is mandated to maintain a register listing out each and every sale of poison.[21] Moreover these rules only create a licensing regime and contain provisions making person liable for carrying/storing acid without a licence. Section 11 of the Model Rules does empower an Executive Magistrate or a Police officer of the rank of Sub-Inspector and above or a Medical Officer appointed by the State Government to visit and inspect the premises of the license holder where a poison is kept for sale and may inspect all poisons found therein and the registers. But these provisions arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t followed and sale of acid continues in the open moreso since the punishment awarded for non-compliance is ineffective does not act as a deterrent. Anyone found violating the provisions would be punishable, (i) On a first conviction, with imprisonment for a term which may, extend to three months, or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees or with both, and (ii) On a second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to six months, or with fine, which may extend to one thousand, rupees, or with both. A punishment of 500 Rs. or 1000 Rs. makes these rules a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“toothless instrumentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Steps taken to ensure Implementation of the laws at the ground level In Bangladesh the Acid Control Act (ACA) creates specific machinery for the enforcement of the grievances of the victims or the regulation of acids or the dispensation of criminal justice. The ACA creates a National Acid Control Council (NACC) which institute policies relating to the trade of acid, enact policies to prevent its misuse etc.[22] The Acid Control Act lays down setting up of District committees which are responsible for implementing the national guidelines and enacting local measures to further regulate acid. The Deputy Commissioner chairs the District committee while its members include the districtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Superintendent of Police, the Civil Surgeon (head of the district health department), the director of the district department of women affairs, the director of the district social welfare services, the district public prosecutors, NGO representatives, and also acid users associations. National Acid Control Council funds and district committee funds to fi nance awareness-raising campaigns and provides assistance to acid survivors for treatment, rehabilitation, and legal aid. Also Acid-offences Prevention Tribunals have been set up[23] solely to try acid cases and there is a strict timeframe in place for the investigation and trial of acid violence cases. This couple with stringent punishement helps in the implementation process and therefore there is a 20 % drop each year in cases of acid attack from their peak in 2002. Pakistan in its 2014 Bill (tabled on 8th Aprilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢2014) has recommended the establishment of the Acid and Burn Crime Monitoring Board describing its role and responsibilities. The bill also provides for government funding for the Boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functioning.[24] In India inspite of so many laws and the efforts of the Supreme Court, acid continues to be sold easily. Checking for Id cards and maintaining registers is not followed. Also the supreme court direction on Rs. 3Lakh compensation is not followed and even donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know where to go and collect the funds. They are made to run from the health Ministry department to the Hiome ministry to the National Commision for Women. There is also no clarity regarding payment of treatment to the hospitals. Under the new provision in the Indian Penal Code, all hospitals are enjoined to provide free treatment to victims of acid violence, but many victims have been made to return by hospitals as there is no clarity to them whether they would be paid. They ask the victim for proofs of the acid attack and send the victim back on technical grounds. India needs a national and a district level authority like the National Council, which can serve as an intermediary between the victim and the state. Both the national Commission for Women and the Law Commission have recommended for Compensation/Monitoring Boards[25] at the Centre, State and District levels in the country which if implemented would help in the implementati on of the laws prevalent in the country. [1] Supra n.64. [2] Supra n.66. [3] Supra n.103. [4] Supra n.121. [5] See Section 326B of the Indian Penal Code. [6] For details see Chapter 2.1.2- Legislative Provisions in Bangladesh. [7]Ibid. [8] Supra n.99. [9] Supra n.100 and 101. [10] Supra n.123. [11] Supra n.139. [12] For details see Chapter 2.4.2- Legislative Provisions in India. [13] Ibid. [14] See Supra n. 71, 72, 73 and 74. [15] Supra n.97. [16] Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity (CASC), No.48 S.E. Sub Decree on the Formalities and Conditions for Strong Acid Control, the Royal Government of Cambodia, 19th Febà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢2013. [17] Supra n.115 at 37. See also Gishkori, Zahid. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lawmakers agree on stringent laws on Acid Crimes,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Express Tribune, March 27, 2012, available at: https://tribune.com.pk/story/356019/lawmakers-agree-on-stringent-lawson-acid-crimes-but-leave-out-perptrator/(Visited on 20th Jan 2014). [18] See Supra n.14. [19] The Model Poisons Possession and Sale Rules, 2013 Notified by the Central Government to act as guidelines to the State Govt. to enact their own respective Model Rules to regulate the sale and distributi on of acids. [20] For Details see Infra n. 224. [21] See Sections 11 and 15 of The Model Poisons Possession and Sale Rules, 2013. [22] For details see Chapter 2.1.2- Legislative Provisions in Bangladesh. [23] Ibid. [24] For details see Acid and Burn Crime Bill available at: https://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents /1396955238_474.pdf(Visited on April 23, 2014). [25] For more details See Chapter 2.4.3 Draft Bills and Reports.

Essay on Motivation and Strength - Free Essay Example

Essay on Motivation and Strength According to Landy and Becker (1987), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the psychological meaning of motivation is the internal mental state of a person which relates to the initiation, direction, persistence, intensity, and termination of behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The internal force or desire that drives an individual towards the achievement of a fixed goal. Since, motivation alone is not enough to achieve a goal, ability is needed for a motivated individual to accomplish a given task. Therefore, ability is the knowledge or capacity of executing a task. Ability is strength. Linley (2008), suggests that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strength is a pre-existing capacity for a particular way of behaving, thinking, or feeling that is authentic and energising to the user, and enables optimal functioning, development and performance. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate how needs motivate individuals and affects their behaviours. Ability is what you are capable of doing. Motivation determines what you do and how you do it. Motivation is the process that explains how and why human behaviour is directed and affected (Latham, 2007). There are two types of motivation, intrinsic, the internal factors such as desire to work hard and the reward for working hard and the satisfaction to have accomplished something (wood et al, 2006). For example, if a manager announces that the hardest working employee will be crowned the employee of the month. It will trigger in an individual the desire to always finish and submit a task before the given time so as to be nominated as an employee of the month. Extrinsic motivation, external factors such as money, holidays and other tangible incentives. And it can be caused by the desire of an individual to achieve a certain aim. When an individual is satisfied by external factors, it can be said that he/she is extrinsic motivated (Osterloh Frey, 2000 p.539). The main theories of motivation are content theory and process theory. The content theory explains the reason for a motivated behaviour; that is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  causes it. A content theory would explain behaviour aspects in terms of specific human needs or specific factor that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“driveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  behaviour (Henry, Tosi and Mero, 2000 p.129). For example, I am motivated to study for a degree or Jude is working hard to gain promotion. The desire to achieve a goal or something that affects an individual behaviour. Four major content theori es of motivation are: Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Hierarchy of needs theory, Herzbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" hygiene theory, Alderferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ERG theory and McClellandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory. According to Maslow A. (1943), human needs can be categorised into five categories: (1) Physiological needs, are those primary needs required for survival like physical well-being food air clothing. (2) Safety needs reflect a desire for protection against loss of shelter, food and other basic requirements for survival. (3) Social needs such as affiliation, love and affection the need for family. (4) Esteem needs the desire to be respected by others and for a positive self-image. (5) Self-actualisation needs personal growth, individual desire to do what he or she has the potential of doing. The basic needs must be fulfilled before moving to next level of need. Physical well-being must be provided before anything else can assume importanc e for a person. A person in real life must eat, breathe air before he can tend to move to another level of hierarchy needs. If a person is threatened or sick advancement to the next level of needs will be ignored until the issue is resolved. Higher order needs are unimportant unless the lower order needs are satisfied. According to Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory a person is not motivated by a need that is satisfied. Alderferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1972), classified Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory in three categories of basic needs. They are existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs (ERG Theory). Existence needs summarised Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physiological needs and security needs for material needs. Relatedness needs encompass security needs for interpersonal matters, affiliation and needs of an interpersonal nature. Growth needs concentrate on the need to confirm personal esteem and self-actualization Similar to Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory, ERG theory suggests that unsatisfied need does not arouse the desire for higher-order needs. According Miner (1980), ERG theory states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the less relatedness needs are fulfilled, the more existence needs will be desired. And the less growth needs are fulfilled, the more relatedness needs will be desiredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This means that if a person is not able to satisfy the higher order needs, he/she will focus on the lower order needs, that is, he/she will regress on the need hierarchy. Herzberg (1959), considers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hygiene and motivating factors in determining productivity and is called the two-factor theory. Hygiene factors are job contextual. They are satisfiers and not motivators and their absence create dissatisfaction.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The presence of hygiene factors are satisfying and motivating because motivating factors are associated with the content of the job. According to McClelland (1965) , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the two important concepts that underlie achievement-power theory are: Motive and The force of motives on behaviour. Motives are affectively toned associated networks arranged in a hierarchy of strength and importance within a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Motive has a big effect on behaviour and can generate the following needs: the needs for achievement, the need for power and the need for affiliation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Achievement motive is extent to which success is important and valued by a person. The strength of motive is related to socialization experiencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Heckhausen, 1967). The need for power having the desire to influence and control others and the environment. The need for affiliation, motive to develop and maintain close and meaningful relationships. Motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Process Theories According to Tosi et al (2000), Process theories of motivation deals with how changes occur in behaviour without much emphasis on the specifi c factors (or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“contentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) that causes behaviour. The process theories include the following: Reinforcement theory Expectancy theory Equity theory Goal-setting theory Organisational justice theories The four types of reinforcement consequences are: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. Positive reinforcement recompenses desirable behaviour. When a positive behaviour is rewarded with incentives like promotion, end of year bonus or salary increase, the individual tend to repeat the desired behaviour. Avoidance is trying to show an employee the result of an improper behaviour which he/she will not experience if behaved otherwise. Extinction is mainly ignoring the behaviour of a dependent and not providing either positive or negative reinforcement. Punishment using a negative action to prevent reoccurrences of an improper behaviour. Rewards can be extrinsic when external factors such as money, fringe benefits or job security are used as rewarding elements. Intrinsic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" internal satisfaction outcome from doing work. Satisfaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude about work situation. Expec tancy theory according to Vroom (1964), deal with the idea that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“when you put an effort to a work, the outcome will be that you desire. Equity theory basically when an employee compares the outcome of his input and output with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities. Equity theory states that people are motivated to maintain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fair relationship with others and to rectify unfair relationship by making them fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Baron, 1983). Goal-setting is based on a simple premise: performance is caused by a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention to perform (Locke et al; 1981). Goals are what a person is trying to accomplish or intends to do, and according to this theory, people will do what they are trying to do (Locke, 1968). Organisational justice theory procedural justice is the extent to which people believe they are treated fairly in terms of how decisions are made about things that affect them in the work. And distributi ve justice is the degree to which people believe that they are treated fairly and equitably with respect to work outcomes. According to Aristotle strength is the best thing in us and things we are good at. There are two approaches of study of strength and they are: Strength Based Approach by Linley Positive Psychology by Seligman Linley (2006) focuses on what is right, what is working and what is strong. That strengths are part of our basic human nature, therefore every person has strength and deserves respect for their strength. Our areas of greatest potentials are in the areas of our greatest strength. We succeed by fixing our weakness only when we are also making the most of our strength. Therefore, using our strength is the smallest thing we can do to make the biggest difference. Seligman (2000) observed an imbalance in psychology research as it focused more in the negative side of personal psychology. That positive psychology is about well-being, contentment and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimum (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present). The positive and development state of an individual are characterised by high self-efficacy, optimum, hope and resiliency. According to Snyder (1995) hope is a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire to achieve a goal (agency) and ability to e nvision varied options to achieve their goal (pathway). Peterson and Seligman identified the 24 strengths or character traits which can benefit happiness and wellbeing. According to Seligman we can identify our signature strength and use these regularly in our lives. The 24 character traits are divided into groups of six distinti virtues as follows: Wisdom and knowledge (creativity, curiosity, judgement, love of learning, perspective) Courage (bravery, perseverance, honesty, zest) Humanity (love, kindness, social, intelligence) Justice (teamwork, fairness, leadership) Temperance (forgiveness, humility, prudence, self-regulation) Transcendence (appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humour, spirituality) In conclusion Landy, f.J. and Becker, W.S. 1987: Motivation theory reconsidered. In L.L. Cummings and B.M. Staw (eds) Resarch in Organisation Behavvior, 9th edn, Greenwich, CT: JAI press, 1-38. Tosi, H., Mero, N. and Rizzo, J. (2000).Managing organizational behavior. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell. Maslow, A.H. 1943: A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-96 1

Oprah - 1648 Words

2013 Oprah Winfrey Erin Phillips ECO2123 2013 Oprah Winfrey Erin Phillips ECO2123 Oprah Winfrey is more than just a talk show host, a celebrity or a cultural figure. She is a genius entrepreneur. She has made some of the smartest decisions. Every now and then in history, we find a life story that is truly remarkable. Oprah Winfrey ventured forth from the agonizing childhood that was her world of common day to a region of supernatural wonder. Oprah’s road to success was not an easy task. From her early childhood, Oprah challenged many fabulous forces that she encountered. Oprah Winfrey tells the life story one of Americas richest and most successful show business personalities. When Oprah Winfrey told her†¦show more content†¦She would make the show a local hit and would soon be called what is now known, The Oprah Winfrey Show. â€Å"The Oprah Winfrey Shows† first national appearance was on September 8, 1986 and it quickly became highest rated talk show in national syndication in less than a year. It remained the number one talk show for 19 consecutive seasons and is seen by 49 million viewers a week in the United States and is viewed internationally in over 117 different countries. The Oprah Winfrey show talks about personal problems in everyday life that most people never hear from each other. Whether its an ordinary person or a guest celebrity, Winfreys public therapy entices the viewer’s minds. Her personal life has been an essential part to her talk shows style of public therapy. From her childhood abuses, experiment with drugs, and weight loss problems, audience can try to relate to Oprah and almost see her as family. TV familiarity with her audience is a key element to her show and success. Her show influences many, like the example where the cattle industry lost over millions of dollars because a simple little quote she made about the mad cow disease. Her Book of the Month feature in her show raises arcane books into national best sellers. Because of her lavish success from her hit talk show, Oprah was a ble to advance her talents to be an entrepreneur. In April 2000, Oprah introduced O, The Oprah Magazine, a magazine for womensShow MoreRelatedOprah, By Oprah Gail Winfrey1340 Words   |  6 Pagesany enterprise especially a business. Oprah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko Mississippi. When is was born her name was supposed to (Marks-Ellis, 2008) Orpah but they spelled it Oprah on her birth certificate. Oprah Winfrey is an Actress, Philanthropist (which is a person who promote the welfare of others), Publisher, and a Producer. Oprah Winfrey has built an empire of her own to connect and to inspire her audience. On January 1, 2011, Oprah announces the debut of her first televisionRead MoreOprah, By Oprah Gail Winfrey1019 Words   |  5 PagesOprah Gail Winfrey is a television and film producer, along with being a talk show host. Through media, Oprah is known mostly for The Oprah Winfrey Show. It is the highest-rated talk show of all time, running for 25 years. S he has dealt with many early life issues which has made her the tough, devoted, and inspirational person she is today. Oprah can be known as â€Å"The Queen of All Media.† Her loyalty to her audience has inspired many, along with the entertainment she gives her fans. Experts call herRead MoreArticle on Oprah1285 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Lopez Stock1 Queen of Talk Under Bad Lighting As a leader and icon Oprah Winfrey has redefined the meaning of success and has become one of the most praised women. Oprah has had numerous articles, books, and magazines, dedicated to highlighting her success. Another article in the New York Times summing up Ms. Winfrey’s accomplishments is nothing less than typical. However, what is uncommon is to come across a writer such as gossip columnist Kitty Kelley, doing what no one dares toRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Winfrey1946 Words   |  8 PagesOprah Winfrey Very few people are able to be recognized by their first name only: Oprah Winfrey is one of them. Oprah once shared what her formula for success is to Ladies Home Journal magazine, she said â€Å"Follow your instinct, that’s where true wisdom manifests itself†. Little did the parents of a little baby girl born as ‘Oprah’ Gail Winfrey know what the path ahead would lead for her. On January 29, 1954, Oprah was born to the parents Vernita Lee and Vernon Winfrey. However, they were unmarriedRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Gail Winfrey3576 Words   |  15 PagesCynthia Becerra English 60 Professor Kimberly Wilder 09 May 2015 Oprah Winfrey Oprah Gail Winfrey, was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Her birth name was originally Orpah, from the Bible, but there was much confusion in the spelling and pronunciation (Notablebiographies.com). For this reason, she was known as Oprah almost from birth. For the most part, she was raised by her grandmother Hattie Mae Lee because her mother, Vernita Lee, and father, Vernon Winfrey, separated almostRead MoreOprah Winfrey is a Hero672 Words   |  3 PagesGreek myths and legends. Most showed generous behavior, even if it was not obvious until the lesson was learned. Oprah Winfrey is one of the most generous people of our time. I believe Oprah Winfrey is a hero because she uses her past experiences to inform, support, and help others, uses her money, fame, and time to help people, and shows incredible emotional and spiritual strength. Oprah Gail Winfrey grew up in a small farming community. A nineteen year old male cousin raped her when she was nineRead MoreOprah Winfrey3482 Words   |  14 PagesEvents in Singapore and Asia It is unbelievable the amount of influence that Oprah Winfrey has had over the lives of millions of people all over the world. She has become a demi-god in America. There are people who are ready to worship the ground over which she walks. She has lived the Great American dream, a veritable tale of rags to riches with the right amount of glamor added to it. Born in 1954 to unmarried parents, Oprah was raised by her grandmother on a farm with no indoor plumbing in KosciuskoRead MoreOprah Winfrey - Entreprenuer616 Words   |  3 PagesOprah Winfrey is an example of an entrepreneur who has reached legendary status not only in the United States but also worldwide. Overcoming a life of hardship, Oprah leaped over all obstacles to become one of the richest and most successful self-made women in history. Her career started at a news station in Nashville where she became the first African American co-anchor. She dropped out of college her senior year to move to Baltimore to co-anchor the nightly news in Baltimore. Although reading theRead MoreEssay on OPRAH WINFREY1261 Words   |  6 PagesOprah Winfrey Oprah Winerys life experiences have made her into the woman she is today. She was born on January 9,1954,in Kosciusko, Mississippi. She has stated that she is a woman in progress, just trying like everyone else. Taking every conflict and every experience and learning from it. Oprah Winfrey has risen from poverty and a troubled youth to become the most powerful and influential woman in television and according to Forbes MagazineRead More Oprah Winfrey Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, we find a life story that is truly remarkable. Oprah Winfrey ventured forth from the agonizing childhood, that was her world of common day, to a region of supernatural wonder. Oprah’s road to success was not an easy task. From her early childhood, Oprah challenged many fabulous forces that she encountered. Oprah Winfrey tells the life story one of Americas richest and most successful show business personalities. â€Å"The fact that Opra h Winfrey is also black and a woman makes her rags to riches